Cite as: 79 B.R. 401
Susan
Hoivik-Olson, Plaintiff, v.
Jeffrey P. Hoivik, a/k/a, d/b/a Hoivik Dental Lab,
Tri-State Dental Lab, Defendant
(In re Jeffrey P. Hoivik, a/k/a, d/b/a Hoivik
Dental Lab. Tri-State Dental Lab, Debtor)
Bankruptcy Case No. 86-02143-7, Adv. Case. No. A86-0301-7
United States Bankruptcy Court
W.D. Wisconsin, Eau Claire Division
July 1, 1987
Glen Cunningham, for plaintiff.
Marc Ashley, for debtor/defendant.
Thomas S. Utschig, United States Bankruptcy Judge.
MEMORANDUM OPINION, FINDINGS OF FACT,
AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
The plaintiff, by Glen Cunningham, has filed a complaint initiating this adversary
proceeding in accordance with 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(5) and Bankruptcy Rule 4007 seeking to
have an obligation incurred by the debtor pursuant to a judgment of divorce excepted from
discharge. The debtor appears by Marc Ashley and contests the complaint. A pre-trial
conference was held in this matter on January 8, 1987, and the parties have submitted the
issues to the court for determination through briefs.
The marriage between the plaintiff and the debtor was dissolved by a written judgment
of divorce dated February l9, 1985. The plaintiff was granted custody of the three
children of the marriage subject to the right of reasonable visitation to the debtor. As a
part of said judgment the debtor was ordered to pay certain sums of money to or on behalf
of the plaintiff. The debtor was not able to pay all of the obligations awarded in the
judgment of divorce and the plaintiff took a judgment for amounts not paid on July 25,
1986. The debtor continued to suffer financial difficulties and filed a petition for
relief under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code on September 4 1986.
The parties are in disagreement as to what parts of the obligation created by the
judgment of divorce may be discharged in the debtor's bankruptcy case.
§ 523(a)(5) of the Bankruptcy Code provides:
§ 523 Exceptions to discharge.
(a) A discharge under section 727, 1141,
1228(a), 1228(b), or 1328(b) of this title does not discharge an individual debtor from
any debt--
(5) to a spouse, former spouse, or child of
the debtor, for alimony to, maintenance for, or support of such spouse or child, in
connection with a separation agreement, divorce decree or other order of a court of
record, determination made in accordance with State or territorial law by a governmental
unit, or property settlement agreement, but not to the extent that--
(A) such debt is assigned to another entity,
voluntarily, by operation of law, or otherwise (other than debts assigned pursuant to
section 402(a)(26) of the Social Security Act, or any such debt which has been assigned to
the Federal Government or to a State or any political subdivision of such State); or
(B) such debt includes a liability designated
as alimony, maintenance, or support, unless such liability is actually in the nature of
alimony, maintenance, or support;
The burden of proof under this section of the Bankruptcy Code is on the
party objecting to the discharge of the obligation. In re Bailey, 20 B.R. 906, 909
(Bankr. W.D. Wis. 1982). The issue of what constitutes alimony, maintenance, or support is
a question of federal law, and not state law. In re Rodriguez, 22 B.R. 309, 310
(Bankr. W.D. Wis. 1982); In re Maitlen, 658 F.2d 466 (7th Cir. 1981); Shaver v.
Shaver, 736 F.2d 1314 (9th Cir. 1984). Section 523(a)(5) of the Bankruptcy Code
attempts to balance the bankruptcy policy of the "fresh start" with the state
policy of enforcing support obligations. Some of the state concerns involved are: 1)
protection of a spouse lacking in job skills, 2) protection of minor children both in the
financial sense and from neglect should the custodial spouse be forced to enter the job
market, and 3) protection of society as a whole should debtors be able to avoid familial
responsibilities. Shaver v. Shaver, 736 F.2d 1314, 1316 (9th Cir. 1984). Generally,
the burden has been placed on the Bankruptcy Court to look beyond the language of the
award and determine the substance of the obligation. In re Maitlen, 658 F.2d 466
(7th Cir. 1981); Shaver v. Shaver, 736 F.2d 1314, 1316 (9th Cir. 1984). If the
obligation is in the nature of support it is not dischargeable; if it is in the nature of
property division it is dischargeable. Two types of evidence used by courts in determining
the nature of an award are (a) the form of the award, and (b) whether the need for support
exists. In re Vande Zande, 22 B.R. 328 (Bankr. W.D. Wis. 1982).
The judgment of divorce provided in pertinent part that:
2. That the petitioner shall be granted the
custody and control of the minor children subject to the right of reasonable visitation to
the respondent.
3. That the respondent shall pay the sum of
$720.00 toward the support of the minor children of the parties. Such payment shall be
made to the Clerk of Courts in monthly installments of $720.00 on the 1st of each month,
commencing on April 1, 1985. (767.265). This order constitutes an assignment which shall
become effective upon the respondent's failure to make and establish payment as ordered by
this court and as defined by Sec. 767.265 Wis. Stats.
4. That the respondent shall pay maintenance
payments of $250.00 per month for petitioner for the term of 48 months unless earlier
terminated in accordance with law. (767.26).
5. That the arrears of temporary family
support shall be fixed at $550.00 which respondent shall pay as follows: within 12 months
of this date.
6. That as a complete and final property
division each party shall have free and clear of any liens or claims on the part of the
other party to this action;
That the petitioner shall be awarded:
All of her personal effects and belongings.
1979 Chrysler automobile valued at $5,900.00
Household goods
On April 1, 1989 petitioner shall receive the
additional sum of $8,800.00 from respondent. Said amount shall be paid without interest.
Any default of said payment shall bear interest at 12% per annum.
Home of the parties valued at $44,000.00 more
particularly described as:
North One-half (N½) of the South One-half (S½) of the Southeast
One-fourth (SE¼) of the Northwest One-fourth (NW¼), Section 33, Township 47, Range 14,
Douglas County, Wisconsin.
subject to the mortgage to the Superior Savings & Loans which she
will assume, however, the respondent shall make all house payments through March 1985.
That the respondent shall be awarded:
Hoivik Dental Lab valued at $54,400.00
1982 Grand Prix valued at $2,000.00
1978 Toyota valued at $1,500.00
1978 Cessna (share) valued at $3,500.00
Tractor valued at $1,000.00
New York Life Insurance (2 policies) valued
at $2,000.00
Twenty shares of MP&L stock valued at
$600.00
The respondent may claim the children as income tax dependant's while
the petitioner is not working
7. That the respondent shall be responsible
and hold the petitioner harmless for the necessary payments on the debts and obligations
of the parties, incurred before the commencement of this action.
8. That the children shall not be removed
from Wisconsin for residence purposes or for any substantial period of time without
permission of the court or written consent of the party not having custody, filed with the
Clerk of Courts.
9. That respondent shall from this date on
continue and maintain all medical and hospitalization insurance coverage applicable to for
the minor children of the parties through his employment, and make all necessary premium
payments. Respondent shall at all times provide petitioner and Clerk of Courts with proof
of such insurance and the identification numbers thereof. Whenever respondent is
self-employed, he shall carry such insurance on a direct basis. If respondent does not now
have such insurance, he shall obtain the same forthwith.
The plaintiff now seeks to have some of these debts excepted from discharge as being
non-dischargeable obligations for alimony, maintenance or support. These can be broken
down into four distinct obligations:
a) $1,108.00 for house payments in February
and March of 1985 and which the debtor was obligated to pay under paragraph 6 of the
judgment of divorce.
b) $4,027.40 for real estate taxes on the
homestead for the years of 1982 and 1983.
c) $1,183.00 for a dining room set and a
medical expense that were incurred prior to the divorce which the plaintiff was obligated
to pay under paragraph 7 of the judgment of divorce.
d) $2,301.25 on a home improvement loan from
HUD, payable through Superior Savings & Loan, which was apparently a joint debt of the
parties.
The debtor concedes that the obligations set out in paragraphs 3, 4, and 5 of the
judgment of divorce are excepted from his bankruptcy discharge. Apparently the debtor
presently owes $1,990 in child support and $3,000 in maintenance payments. The debtor
admits that these amounts are non-dischargeable. However, the debtor argues that the
obligations listed in paragraphs a through d above are not in the nature of alimony,
maintenance or support and should be discharged. The plaintiff contends that the awards
were based on the disparity of the parties' income potential at the time of the divorce
and that they are not dischargeable.
The obligation of $1,108 for 2 house payments was set forth in paragraph 6 of the
judgment of divorce. This paragraph starts with the phrase "That as a complete and
final property division...." When reading the judgment as a whole, and considering
the facts and circumstances involved at the time of the divorce, it would appear that this
obligation for house payments was in the nature of property division.
The other three obligations which are in dispute were awarded under paragraph 7 of the
judgment of divorce. This is the paragraph wherein the debtor was to hold the plaintiff
harmless for the marital obligations. This paragraph was not characterized as either
property division or support in the judgment itself. Paragraph 7 has some of the
characteristics of both property division and support. However, it appears that the debtor
was obligated to pay almost $1,000 a month in support obligations under paragraphs 3 and 4
of the judgment of divorce. At the time of the divorce the debtor had a yearly net income
of $24,000. When considering the income of the debtor, the property distributed in the
divorce, the necessity for support at the time of the divorce, and the amount of the
support obligations awarded in paragraphs 3 and 4, it appears that the obligations
involved in this dispute are in the nature of property division between the parties.
The four obligations involved in this dispute were not awarded for the purpose of
balancing the income of the respective parties. Instead, these obligations relate directly
to the preservation of equity in the property awarded to the plaintiff. Hence, all four of
the obligations were in the nature of a property division. They were not intended for and
do not constitute alimony, maintenance, or support. These obligations are fully subject to
discharge in the debtor's bankruptcy.
It is the conclusion of the court based on a consideration of the complete judgment of
divorce and the circumstances of the parties, that the four obligations involved in this
dispute are dischargeable in the debtor's bankruptcy case.
This opinion shall constitute findings of fact and conclusions of law in accordance
with Bankruptcy Rule 7052. |
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